Types of diamonds and weightsPossible to distinguish the following types of forms depending on the presence of diamonds in nature in the parent rocks:Albrailyant brilliantIt is located in the form of large crystals of pure forms of order.Port bortMarks in the form of minute crystals mixed with non-engineering, or in the form of spherical clusters.Alcarbonado carbonadoHe notes in the form of microscopic granules of crystallization is a black net Manbsat contain solid and liquid, and the crystal is usually in the form of irregular clusters or spherical fragile or coherent.Albalas ballasAnd is available in the form of spherical clusters are distributed in the crystals of different sizes according to the radial system. Different weights of grains of microscopic diamond crystals and large crystals of up to hundreds or thousands of carats, and grains of diamond weights are derived 0.1-1 carat on average, while large crystals, which weighs 100 carats or more are rare.Diamond gradingDiamond is classified according to the specifications in terms of size, weight, color, shape and distribution of defects and important forms of diamond have been divided and classified in seven factions and twenty-three set. The first group includes crystals of diamond ornaments, jewelry, decorations, and the second group of light colored diamond crystals used in different purposes, while the third group of used single crystals of diamond tools and hardware (single crystal). The rest of the factions are distributed where the species used for various industrial purposes and modern technology. The diamond trade has been ranked in the global markets in the major Zmrtin:Clique diamond ornaments and decorationsThe crystals fall to the same standard formats, transparent and pure with no cracks or Manbsat or impurities or other defects. Called the specific faces of crystals of the regular destinations all Berlant. Diamond jewelry is used for decoration and in the rich countries is a measure of wealth.Clique Diamond IndustryAnd include other types of diamonds extracted or whatever specifications Hjovernm. Diamond industry and is used in the form of powder, granules or crystals of a single after giving the latter the desired shape for the use of cutting or drilling. Consists of the diamond in the rocks above the basal Alandfaih alkaline igneous alkali-ultrabasic rocks, especially types Allambraufer kimberlite kimberlite and lamprophyre. The disputed interpretation of a diamond in the rocks several opinions and hypotheses: Some believe that the diamond is forming on the great depths (30-70 km or more) at the top of mantle mantle under high pressures and temperatures. Some say the other Bcklh at depths of 2-4 km in the eruptions of the incident at the border between the substrate continental continental basement and sedimentary cover sedimentary cover in the overlying continental Alstihat continental platform which is to say, opinion, the weakest. Remain Almushorat-bearing diamond depths, unless under the earth's crust above movements lead to crack it, they come out of that Almushorat through the cracks and are located at different depths within the crust problem to cool objects large or layers or walls tilted Mendsh center of sedimentary rocks, have graduated to the surface directly in the form of explosive volcanic clastic publish their outputs on a large area, and often channels volcanoes in touch objects in the ground deeper ones. When exposed to areas containing objects of the diamond-bearing factors and erosion, eliminated most of the volcanic cones and tubes, of which only remains explosive that may be covered by later deposits (Figure 6) or left exposed on the surface directly (Fig. 7). The objects have the deep parts of it unfold on the surface or become close to him under the influence of erosion and severe erosion, and become its predecessor with the mining areas to extract the diamonds.
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Diagram of the volcanic pipeDiamond depositsDiamonds extracted from the reservoir rocks of the mother or Fattatadtha clustering on the surface. One of the main bearing rocks have so-called Emprli which falls mostly in the continental shields and Alstihat old. The kimberlite objects of different sizes and shapes on the walls and layers and veins, related to the surface with explosive volcanic pipes of up to several hundreds of meters into the earth's crust. One of the most important tubes that reach the dimensions of openings of more than 1068 - 1525 meters, followed by the walls and veins. Has been known to date in Alstihat mainland about 1500 body Kimberliti, had a few of them the importance of good economic (mining tube: Premiere, Dabers, Boltfontain, Duotozben, Vecelton, Kimberly, Illagrsfontain, and Finch in the Republic of South Africa; Mvadoi in Tanzania; Madjghavan in India ; Mining, hyacinth and the Urals in Russia. The reservoirs in the form of walls (Daakat) and the veins are manifold including: mine Baylisbenk in Mali and Scarteruqin in South Africa and Koido in Sierra Leone. scattered diamonds in the rocks of kimberlite widely distributed, heterogeneous, which marks where the form of crystals individually and rarely on the communities, and there are large deposits. invest reservoir Alkimberlitih-bearing natural diamonds of good industry if the rate of its existence at the limits of 0.4 - 0.5 carat per cubic meter of kimberlite, while investing reservoir-bearing diamond decorative (Diamond Jewellery) if the rate of availability the highest from 0.08 - 0.1 carats per cubic meter of kimberlite (as is the case in an ambush Illagrsfontain in the Republic of South Africa). The average diamond production from each tube explosive 2 - 5.2 million carats annually, but some of them give higher rates, as is the case in Premiere (55 million carats), and in Boltfontain (about 24 million carats), and in Vecelton (23 million carats) and in the other. extracted large quantities of diamonds from the outputs clastic of the volcanoes channels bombing Alkimberlitih or caused by weather, erosion and weathering of the rocks Alkimberlitih mother , which is exposed on the surface and that the factors of wind, rain and floods transporting and positioning components according to the weights of quality in the normalcy and on the beaches in the form of deposits of gravel and sand made up deposits (torrential and mud and the beach) to the points of open ready for investment. and investing these deposits of sedimentary Congregational economically, if the rate of diamond where between 0.25 and 0.5 carats per cubic meter of crude.Diamond productionMined diamonds clastic reservoir rocks exposed on the surface the way in which rock is extracted with the use of open mine excavators and bulldozers, and conveyors. The rock-bearing diamond pipe bomb Alkimberlitih and other objects (layers, walls, veins) Vtstkhrj which initially Forums High way open, then he goes to the establishment of mines according to investment style deep digging tunnels, vertical and horizontal and oblique closets and storage of raw materials extracted and then being transported on conveyor moving trains or lifts to the surface. Dealing with raw diamond-bearing rock in accordance with methods of three:The first wayThis is where diamond-mining the lengths of raw materials extracted from quarries or the surface of the deep mines (whether rock or clastic), even sizes selectively depending on the volumes of the diamond crystals. Then placed materials crushed in water basins where the disposal of clay and materials degradation, and draws the raw materials remaining mixers water precipitate the metals and heavy materials such as diamonds, while the remaining other materials lighter than in the top section of the mixer and is disposed of, then take the deposition in the bottom in the form of ore rich in diamonds, and pour with the stream of water on the table tilted or the conduct of a special fat-plated italic, and stick to the diamond crystals grease on contact him, while the rest of the substrate to be brought basin sedimentation. Then Takect diamond crystals on a layer of grease and wash with kerosene or other Bhawwal.The second methodAnd where the early stages of the three, as in the way first, then put the ore in the device is served when operating electric fields static from the signal the diamond itself, when the passage of ore in the electric field, away crystals of diamond to the remote party and fall in the narrower end of the device, while gravitate toward the rest of the ore near. Shall be returned to this process several times to separate the remainder of the ore within the diamond grains.The third wayAnd applied when dealing with production requires large quantities of raw materials. And replaced by the table or walk lipid pool water contains some fluid and liable to the rays of Roentgen (X X), then pours the ore in the pot, you shall take the crystals of diamond under the influence of radiation Baltlola colors of green or blue you receive cells light-sensitive direct turn to a particular direction currents sweep diamond crystals located around the room and then separated.Processing for the production of diamond jewelsGo most of the diamonds extracted from suspended animation to industrial uses, and the net produce few of them for decorative purposes and then called the diamond rough or uncut. This diamond is subject to special treatment include the operations of cutting, forming and polishing in order to become valid for use in jewelry and jewelry.
Stages and a variety Alamas cut and polishedDiamondsShall be elected by the large granules of diamond cutting operations conducted by the cutting. The pieces and begin the process of cleaving Alvsam to get several pieces of diamond rough, according to the desired size. Alvsam are making a big hole in the diamond mediated by other diamond used for this purpose under the guidance appropriate because the diamond is of equal hardness in all directions. And placed in the gap incident, a steel blade and knocking hard to be separated grain processing. After that deployments are sawing to remove the defective parts for a fragment from a rotating disk Alvsam mediated thin thick paper made of phosphor bronze and studded with diamonds at the edge Bdhiror.The formation of diamondAfter carrying out breaking the grains of rough diamonds, cutting them to become free of defects, is prescribed by giving geometric shapes appropriate, and are putting the piece of binding Pick-rotating, and then sharpen the angles of different mediated diamond disc rotor offset to be obtained on a piece of a geometric shape of many faces.Diamond polishingSurfaces is the problem the previous process mediated by a private drive-plated diamond dust to become very soft and with a great gloss. The diamond processing plant produces very many forms of jewelry and give private labels characterized, and the most common and popular form of: emerald and Alvestakih and cardiac and tonsillar or Alojasih, and ovale, and circular or Barlent. The latter usually face 58 and distributed among themselves to achieve the largest possible reflection of light rays, making it brighter and more cherished.
Forms of diamond jewels after the treatment processSynthesis of diamondThe first to achieve the synthesis of diamonds in the world of General Electric Company General Electric Company of America, which announced it officially on 15/2/1954, and then one after the other countries such as Sweden, Ireland and South African and Russian in 1960 at the Institute of physics of high pressures, and the Ukrainian Institute of Materials high hardness, and then Czechoslovak and Japan. However, the crystals did not exceed manufacturer in the beginning parts per thousand of the carat, and with continued research and experience making possible access to diamond weights over several ornamental Kiratat. Make diamonds out of carbon or substances containing it by exposing them to high pressure in the open, up to 1500 MN / m 2 (15 kbar) at zero Kelvin, or absolute zero (273.6 degrees Celsius) while at higher temperatures than the setting calls for the balance of the diamond formed and not becoming to the graphite to raise the pressure steadily according to the line of balance Altermodenamiki between diamond and graphite, and actor to reduce the separation between the two fields 4 and 5 of the scheme phases in Figure 10, which indicates that if the pressure drop from the line of balance situation becomes ripe for a graphite while leaning at a height to a diamond and its stability, and mutual transformation that occurs with remarkable speed fluctuation of pressure at the appropriate high degrees of heat.
Planned Altermodenamiki of carbon in its various stagesThe synthesis of diamonds directly from graphite pure requires high degrees of heat and pressure is high (an Ahaddathiathma represented by the points 7 of figure 10), so to facilitate the synthesis of diamond in this case the advantage of several factors capable of dismantling the structure of the retina of the graphite or distorting, or reducing the energy necessary to re-shapes the, and such factors can be carried out by the added metal elements such as iron, nickel or Mushorhma, they act as a catalyst to form a diamond. Requires the synthesis of diamonds in general achieve the hydraulic pressure in the large stone with a central core which is placed a compact heater contains an interactive mix consisted of graphite (or carbon materials on the container) and the metal catalyst helps to form diamonds. When pressure to achieve the desired mixture is heated with electric current until the degree of artificiality, and it lasts between a few seconds to several hours a few minutes was enough to form crystals with lengths estimated decimal parts of Almilmitr. To maintain the crystals formed reactive mixture is cooled until room temperature and then raising the pressure for it. And can enter the substances added to the mixture in the artificial diamond crystals in the form of impurities, which affects to some extent in some of the qualities of the diamond output (especially electrical and optical properties). Vhoaúb boron diamond crystals colored light blue up to dark red, and gives the crystal and aluminum correlation between temperature and electrical resistance. Is also linked to their shapes and colors of the system applied heat during the synthesis, when high temperatures are formed crystals of eight faces, completely transparent, and at temperatures lower shaped crystals of cubic and eight faces (composed of cubic + octagonal faces) or cubical, and in the temperature minimum is formed crystals of cubical black
Crystalline forms of the synthetic diamondsIt should be noted that it can obtain crystals of microscopic diamonds without material incentive to expose the graphite to pressures in the form of shock waves strong, and can accelerate the crystallization of diamond by adding special materials lead to the formation of crystals of sizes up to several Malmtrut and earned physical properties and mechanical. In some conditions for forming clusters of microscopic crystalline pattern «Palace» diameters up to several Malmtrut as well as style «Carbonado» which is characterized by high rigidity, especially in the violent resistance to shocks.Uses of diamondGood quality, and net of diamond grains, which constitute about 25-30% of natural and synthetic diamonds produced in the world, used in the manufacture of diamond jewels free from defects and impurities and of many different geometric forms, making it the most expensive jewelry as a whole. Because of diamond production on a large scale since the early nineteenth century until today, and availability in global markets business in the form of free gems or jewels studded various forms of gold and platinum, has spread the use of diamonds around the world. The most natural and synthetic diamond which has a rate of 70-75% of global production, goes to industrial use because it is not suitable for the manufacture of jewelry and jewelry for many impurities in it, but it remains the lasting yet with high mechanical properties appropriate. Divides the diamond industry in terms of quality and nature of use to the Diamond Habibi and crushed diamonds and diamond powder. Valolmas particleboard used in the devices and mechanical devices that do not require installing more than one crystal in which particular tools used in carving, incising, sculpture, decorative metals, glass, marble and materials other extreme, as well as in measuring devices Alksawat absolute materials. Crushed and used diamonds to small grains in the metal studs piercing tools, rocks, etc., and Sabre tests for the construction of dams, bridges, and large enterprises and the heads of drilling water wells and oil, mines and tunnels. The diamonds used in the above two cases is the type of Carbonado, which has severely inconvenient to carry and the ability of those uses. The powder diamond is a type of Port (the worst kind of diamond) is used to provide the parties to the wheels and drive cutting, cutting, edges, and in industries, quartz, ceramics, glass, marble, metals and alloys, etc., and making templates withdrawal of minerals, as well as in the painted surfaces of discs abrasion and grinding and grinding and polishing of various industries and professions that require making products with smooth and shiny surfaces. Finally, because of the physical properties that characterize the diamond net, it has become used in the manufacture of computers, semiconductors and superconductors thermal conductivity in the industrial and scientific applications specialized. The country producing the main diamond knew diamonds and used since ancient times, historical and especially in India, and began production globally in the second half of the nineteenth century humble beginnings, then take to rise gradually with the discovery of deposits of new India, Brazil and South Africa, and then entered the other countries the field of diamond production , especially in the continent of Africa, Asia, Latin America South. The total international production by 1929 about 7.5 million carats in 1937 and rose to 30 million carats and was about 900 million carats (equivalent to 180 tons) in 1967, and exceeded one billion carats in 1980. Have been classified in the same year each producer of diamonds from the most productive were as follows: Russian, Congo (Zaire), South Africa, Botsoana, Namibia, Ongulh, Ghana, Venzuelh, and many other countries with lower productivity. Table 1 shows the amounts of diamond producing countries according to statistics of the years 1929 and 1937 and 1967 and 1980 and 1988.Months, the world's diamondsI have known in human history, ancient and modern diamonds great weight and value, and each had a story or a story or legend about how to detect and transfer (and sometimes stolen), acquisition and divided to get them on the jewels forms required, and then the place settled and the State or persons owners in a timely present. Therefore, given the previous information from the most diamonds in the world, classified by country or countries that discovered the first time.Republic of South Africa• diamond Cullinan Cullinan, the largest diamond in the world and found even today, found mine in Premier Premier in 1905 and weighed 3106 carats, and then transferred to the British and dedicated to King Edward VII in 1907, and divided later to 109 gem, nine big ones, are part Jewelry from the British Crown, and the largest of the Cullinan 1 (African Star), weighing 530.2 carats, the Cullinan 2 and weighs 317.4 carats.• Excelsior diamond Excelsior: I found mine in Illagrsfontain Jagersfontein in 1893, and was weighing 995 carats, was cut to 21 was the largest gem 70 carats.• diamond Jonker Jonker: found in the area Elandsfontain Elandsfontein, 1931, weighing 726 carats, bought by Harry Winston (governor of New York City) to 12 and cut gem.• diamond Iopila Jubilee: found in 1895 weighing 650 carats, were divided on the occasion of the Golden Queen Victoria in 1897. Then cut them to get the gem weighing 245 carats.• Tiffany Tiffany: diamond bright yellow color, I found mine in the Kimberley Kimberley weighing 287 carats, making them Sprlenz stone weighing 128 carats.• Victoria Victoria: the weight of 185 carats.• Star of the South African Star of South Africa: the weight of 38 carats.Diamond-producing countriesProduction quantities of the diamond's ability Bmalaen Carats192919371967198019881995Russian---11.0007.1008,500,000Congo1.9104.92513.15510.23018.70017.300South Africa3.3951.0286.6688.5255.20015.495Botsoana---8.4703.80016,802,438Namibian0.5970.1971.9001.650-1,381,700Ongulh0.3120.6261.2881.5400.1801,350,000Ghana0.8611.5782.5371.210In 1986-0.65293.880Venzuelh-0.0150.0660.77-296.000Tanzanian0.0230.0030.927-0.3415.700Central African-0.0060.521--560.000Brazil0.1440.1970.35-0.4-Guiana0.1260.0360.097--52.392India0.00160.00130.008--23.800Australian----16.943,591,000China----0.6-Liberia----In 1986-0.4150.000Sierra Leone----In 1986 - 0.18255.000Republic of India• Florentine Florentine: pale yellow diamond, acquired in the early seventeenth century the Duke of Tuscany, and became later one of the Austrian crown jewels. The current location is unknown.• Great Mongol Great Mogul: found in 1650 weighing 280 carats, the largest cut diamonds in India (The original stone was weighing 800 carats), and last seen in 1665, and will likely have to cut small stones.• Kohinoor Koh-I-Noor or Nur Mountain The Mountain of Light. This stone is an old story dating back to 1314, and after that reported by many bought by a man who supported the English in 1849, and studded crown on the Queen Mother in the UK.• Orlov Orlov: gem weighs 200 carats, and the myth says it was stolen and then sold to a Russian prince. Today it is of Russian ammunition.• «governor» Regent or «bit» Pitt: diamond found in 1701 weighing 410 carats, it has been possible to obtain them on a stone weighing 140 carats Berlant and sell to the king of France, then stole the year 1792, and was restored and became the possessions of the Louvre.Shah Shah: the weight of 89 carats (available in Russian ammunition today).• Sansee Sancy: deliver a 55-carats.• Hope Hope: the largest blue diamond weighs 44 carats.• Green Dresden Dresden Green: and weighs 41 carats.Republic of Brazil• President Vargas President Vargas: and weighs 727 carats, one of the largest diamonds found in helping American Latin, was found in 1932 in the San Antonio River, San Antonio River. And later cut to 29 largest gem weighs about 48 carats.• Star of the South Star of the South: found in 1853 in a mine Bagajim Bagagem was made by weighing 262 carats, the largest cut stones of which weighs 129 carats.Crown Prince of Portugal, Regent of Portugal: and weighs 221 carats, and is likely to be one of the Topaz Topaz is not a diamond.Republic of Russian Federation• diamond flat area of 7.5 cm 2 was in the golden bracelet.• diamond Maria, weighing 105.8 carats.• diamond Chekest: and weighs 95 carats.• diamond of October: and weighs 68.47 carats.• diamond Valentina Tereshkova: and weighs 51.66 carats.• diamond Alcolmsomol: and weighs 48.48 carats.Other famous diamonds, including• blue diamond of hope: and weighs 44.5 carats, found in the Smith Institute in Washington, DC, a piece of diamond weighs 68 carats.• diamond throne: and weighing 140.5 carats, adorn the sword hilt of Napoleon.• diamond star of the mountains of Leon: one of the largest diamonds preserved until today is still intact
SourcesEncyclopedia of ArabicBibliography• David, Joshua (September 2003). "The New Diamond Age". Wired, issue 11.09.• De Beers Group. "De Beers Group". Retrieved March 14, 2005.• Epstein, Edward Jay (February 1982). "Have You Ever Tried To Sell a Diamond?" (Subscription required). The Atlantic Monthly.• Epstein, Edward Jay (1982). "THE DIAMOND INVENTION" (Complete book, includes "Chapter 20: Have you ever tried to sell a diamond?")• Chaim Evevn-Zohar (2007). "From Mine to Mistress - Corporate Strategies and Government Policies in the International Diamond Industry" (Second edition of the book on the world diamond industry) Mining Journal Press.• Eppler, W.F. Praktische Gemmologie. Rühle-Diebner-Verlag, 1989• Government of Gujarat (2004). "Vibrant Gujarat: Sector Profiles". Retrieved March 14, 2005.• Kjarsgaard, B.A. and Levinson, A. A. (2002). Diamonds in Canada. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 208-238.• Kunz, George Frederick, Curious Lore of Precious Stones, Lippincott Co., 1913• Pagel - Theisen, Verena. Diamond Grading ABC: the Manual Rubin & Son, Antwerp, Belgium, 2001. ISBN 3-9800434-6-0• Streeter - The Great Diamonds of the World, London, George Bell & Sons, 1882• Taylor, W.R., Lynton A.J. & Ridd, M., (1990) Nitrogen defect aggregation of some Australasian diamonds: Time-temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds. American Mineralogist, 75, pp. 1290-1310.• Tolkowsky, Marcel (1919). Diamond Design: A Study of the Reflection and Refraction of Light in a Diamond. London: E. & F.N. Spon, Ltd. (Web edition as edited by Jasper Paulsen, Seattle, 2001)• Tyson, Peter (November 2000). "Diamonds in the Sky". Retrieved March 10, 2005.• United Nations Department of Public Information (March 21, 2001). "Conflict Diamonds". Retrieved March 10, 2005.• Weiner, KL, Hochleitner, R., Weiss, S., Voelstadt H. Diamant, Lapis, München, 1994.• Yarnell, Amanda (February 2, 2004). "The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds". Chemical & Engineering News, vol. 82, no. 5, pp 26-31.• American Museum of Natural History. "The Nature of Diamonds". Retrieved October 21, 2005.• Carnegie Institution. "Very Large Diamonds Produced Very Fast". Retrieved November 1, 2005.• Williams, Gardner, The Diamond Mines of South Africa, New York, BF Buck & Co., 1905• World Diamond Council. "About The WDC". Retrieved November 19, 2006.• Wise, Richard W. "Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones". (2003) Brunswick House Press. Website of book: Secrets of the Gem Trade• GIA "A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds". (2007) GIAExternal links
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Diagram of the volcanic pipeDiamond depositsDiamonds extracted from the reservoir rocks of the mother or Fattatadtha clustering on the surface. One of the main bearing rocks have so-called Emprli which falls mostly in the continental shields and Alstihat old. The kimberlite objects of different sizes and shapes on the walls and layers and veins, related to the surface with explosive volcanic pipes of up to several hundreds of meters into the earth's crust. One of the most important tubes that reach the dimensions of openings of more than 1068 - 1525 meters, followed by the walls and veins. Has been known to date in Alstihat mainland about 1500 body Kimberliti, had a few of them the importance of good economic (mining tube: Premiere, Dabers, Boltfontain, Duotozben, Vecelton, Kimberly, Illagrsfontain, and Finch in the Republic of South Africa; Mvadoi in Tanzania; Madjghavan in India ; Mining, hyacinth and the Urals in Russia. The reservoirs in the form of walls (Daakat) and the veins are manifold including: mine Baylisbenk in Mali and Scarteruqin in South Africa and Koido in Sierra Leone. scattered diamonds in the rocks of kimberlite widely distributed, heterogeneous, which marks where the form of crystals individually and rarely on the communities, and there are large deposits. invest reservoir Alkimberlitih-bearing natural diamonds of good industry if the rate of its existence at the limits of 0.4 - 0.5 carat per cubic meter of kimberlite, while investing reservoir-bearing diamond decorative (Diamond Jewellery) if the rate of availability the highest from 0.08 - 0.1 carats per cubic meter of kimberlite (as is the case in an ambush Illagrsfontain in the Republic of South Africa). The average diamond production from each tube explosive 2 - 5.2 million carats annually, but some of them give higher rates, as is the case in Premiere (55 million carats), and in Boltfontain (about 24 million carats), and in Vecelton (23 million carats) and in the other. extracted large quantities of diamonds from the outputs clastic of the volcanoes channels bombing Alkimberlitih or caused by weather, erosion and weathering of the rocks Alkimberlitih mother , which is exposed on the surface and that the factors of wind, rain and floods transporting and positioning components according to the weights of quality in the normalcy and on the beaches in the form of deposits of gravel and sand made up deposits (torrential and mud and the beach) to the points of open ready for investment. and investing these deposits of sedimentary Congregational economically, if the rate of diamond where between 0.25 and 0.5 carats per cubic meter of crude.Diamond productionMined diamonds clastic reservoir rocks exposed on the surface the way in which rock is extracted with the use of open mine excavators and bulldozers, and conveyors. The rock-bearing diamond pipe bomb Alkimberlitih and other objects (layers, walls, veins) Vtstkhrj which initially Forums High way open, then he goes to the establishment of mines according to investment style deep digging tunnels, vertical and horizontal and oblique closets and storage of raw materials extracted and then being transported on conveyor moving trains or lifts to the surface. Dealing with raw diamond-bearing rock in accordance with methods of three:The first wayThis is where diamond-mining the lengths of raw materials extracted from quarries or the surface of the deep mines (whether rock or clastic), even sizes selectively depending on the volumes of the diamond crystals. Then placed materials crushed in water basins where the disposal of clay and materials degradation, and draws the raw materials remaining mixers water precipitate the metals and heavy materials such as diamonds, while the remaining other materials lighter than in the top section of the mixer and is disposed of, then take the deposition in the bottom in the form of ore rich in diamonds, and pour with the stream of water on the table tilted or the conduct of a special fat-plated italic, and stick to the diamond crystals grease on contact him, while the rest of the substrate to be brought basin sedimentation. Then Takect diamond crystals on a layer of grease and wash with kerosene or other Bhawwal.The second methodAnd where the early stages of the three, as in the way first, then put the ore in the device is served when operating electric fields static from the signal the diamond itself, when the passage of ore in the electric field, away crystals of diamond to the remote party and fall in the narrower end of the device, while gravitate toward the rest of the ore near. Shall be returned to this process several times to separate the remainder of the ore within the diamond grains.The third wayAnd applied when dealing with production requires large quantities of raw materials. And replaced by the table or walk lipid pool water contains some fluid and liable to the rays of Roentgen (X X), then pours the ore in the pot, you shall take the crystals of diamond under the influence of radiation Baltlola colors of green or blue you receive cells light-sensitive direct turn to a particular direction currents sweep diamond crystals located around the room and then separated.Processing for the production of diamond jewelsGo most of the diamonds extracted from suspended animation to industrial uses, and the net produce few of them for decorative purposes and then called the diamond rough or uncut. This diamond is subject to special treatment include the operations of cutting, forming and polishing in order to become valid for use in jewelry and jewelry.
Stages and a variety Alamas cut and polishedDiamondsShall be elected by the large granules of diamond cutting operations conducted by the cutting. The pieces and begin the process of cleaving Alvsam to get several pieces of diamond rough, according to the desired size. Alvsam are making a big hole in the diamond mediated by other diamond used for this purpose under the guidance appropriate because the diamond is of equal hardness in all directions. And placed in the gap incident, a steel blade and knocking hard to be separated grain processing. After that deployments are sawing to remove the defective parts for a fragment from a rotating disk Alvsam mediated thin thick paper made of phosphor bronze and studded with diamonds at the edge Bdhiror.The formation of diamondAfter carrying out breaking the grains of rough diamonds, cutting them to become free of defects, is prescribed by giving geometric shapes appropriate, and are putting the piece of binding Pick-rotating, and then sharpen the angles of different mediated diamond disc rotor offset to be obtained on a piece of a geometric shape of many faces.Diamond polishingSurfaces is the problem the previous process mediated by a private drive-plated diamond dust to become very soft and with a great gloss. The diamond processing plant produces very many forms of jewelry and give private labels characterized, and the most common and popular form of: emerald and Alvestakih and cardiac and tonsillar or Alojasih, and ovale, and circular or Barlent. The latter usually face 58 and distributed among themselves to achieve the largest possible reflection of light rays, making it brighter and more cherished.
Forms of diamond jewels after the treatment processSynthesis of diamondThe first to achieve the synthesis of diamonds in the world of General Electric Company General Electric Company of America, which announced it officially on 15/2/1954, and then one after the other countries such as Sweden, Ireland and South African and Russian in 1960 at the Institute of physics of high pressures, and the Ukrainian Institute of Materials high hardness, and then Czechoslovak and Japan. However, the crystals did not exceed manufacturer in the beginning parts per thousand of the carat, and with continued research and experience making possible access to diamond weights over several ornamental Kiratat. Make diamonds out of carbon or substances containing it by exposing them to high pressure in the open, up to 1500 MN / m 2 (15 kbar) at zero Kelvin, or absolute zero (273.6 degrees Celsius) while at higher temperatures than the setting calls for the balance of the diamond formed and not becoming to the graphite to raise the pressure steadily according to the line of balance Altermodenamiki between diamond and graphite, and actor to reduce the separation between the two fields 4 and 5 of the scheme phases in Figure 10, which indicates that if the pressure drop from the line of balance situation becomes ripe for a graphite while leaning at a height to a diamond and its stability, and mutual transformation that occurs with remarkable speed fluctuation of pressure at the appropriate high degrees of heat.
Planned Altermodenamiki of carbon in its various stagesThe synthesis of diamonds directly from graphite pure requires high degrees of heat and pressure is high (an Ahaddathiathma represented by the points 7 of figure 10), so to facilitate the synthesis of diamond in this case the advantage of several factors capable of dismantling the structure of the retina of the graphite or distorting, or reducing the energy necessary to re-shapes the, and such factors can be carried out by the added metal elements such as iron, nickel or Mushorhma, they act as a catalyst to form a diamond. Requires the synthesis of diamonds in general achieve the hydraulic pressure in the large stone with a central core which is placed a compact heater contains an interactive mix consisted of graphite (or carbon materials on the container) and the metal catalyst helps to form diamonds. When pressure to achieve the desired mixture is heated with electric current until the degree of artificiality, and it lasts between a few seconds to several hours a few minutes was enough to form crystals with lengths estimated decimal parts of Almilmitr. To maintain the crystals formed reactive mixture is cooled until room temperature and then raising the pressure for it. And can enter the substances added to the mixture in the artificial diamond crystals in the form of impurities, which affects to some extent in some of the qualities of the diamond output (especially electrical and optical properties). Vhoaúb boron diamond crystals colored light blue up to dark red, and gives the crystal and aluminum correlation between temperature and electrical resistance. Is also linked to their shapes and colors of the system applied heat during the synthesis, when high temperatures are formed crystals of eight faces, completely transparent, and at temperatures lower shaped crystals of cubic and eight faces (composed of cubic + octagonal faces) or cubical, and in the temperature minimum is formed crystals of cubical black
Crystalline forms of the synthetic diamondsIt should be noted that it can obtain crystals of microscopic diamonds without material incentive to expose the graphite to pressures in the form of shock waves strong, and can accelerate the crystallization of diamond by adding special materials lead to the formation of crystals of sizes up to several Malmtrut and earned physical properties and mechanical. In some conditions for forming clusters of microscopic crystalline pattern «Palace» diameters up to several Malmtrut as well as style «Carbonado» which is characterized by high rigidity, especially in the violent resistance to shocks.Uses of diamondGood quality, and net of diamond grains, which constitute about 25-30% of natural and synthetic diamonds produced in the world, used in the manufacture of diamond jewels free from defects and impurities and of many different geometric forms, making it the most expensive jewelry as a whole. Because of diamond production on a large scale since the early nineteenth century until today, and availability in global markets business in the form of free gems or jewels studded various forms of gold and platinum, has spread the use of diamonds around the world. The most natural and synthetic diamond which has a rate of 70-75% of global production, goes to industrial use because it is not suitable for the manufacture of jewelry and jewelry for many impurities in it, but it remains the lasting yet with high mechanical properties appropriate. Divides the diamond industry in terms of quality and nature of use to the Diamond Habibi and crushed diamonds and diamond powder. Valolmas particleboard used in the devices and mechanical devices that do not require installing more than one crystal in which particular tools used in carving, incising, sculpture, decorative metals, glass, marble and materials other extreme, as well as in measuring devices Alksawat absolute materials. Crushed and used diamonds to small grains in the metal studs piercing tools, rocks, etc., and Sabre tests for the construction of dams, bridges, and large enterprises and the heads of drilling water wells and oil, mines and tunnels. The diamonds used in the above two cases is the type of Carbonado, which has severely inconvenient to carry and the ability of those uses. The powder diamond is a type of Port (the worst kind of diamond) is used to provide the parties to the wheels and drive cutting, cutting, edges, and in industries, quartz, ceramics, glass, marble, metals and alloys, etc., and making templates withdrawal of minerals, as well as in the painted surfaces of discs abrasion and grinding and grinding and polishing of various industries and professions that require making products with smooth and shiny surfaces. Finally, because of the physical properties that characterize the diamond net, it has become used in the manufacture of computers, semiconductors and superconductors thermal conductivity in the industrial and scientific applications specialized. The country producing the main diamond knew diamonds and used since ancient times, historical and especially in India, and began production globally in the second half of the nineteenth century humble beginnings, then take to rise gradually with the discovery of deposits of new India, Brazil and South Africa, and then entered the other countries the field of diamond production , especially in the continent of Africa, Asia, Latin America South. The total international production by 1929 about 7.5 million carats in 1937 and rose to 30 million carats and was about 900 million carats (equivalent to 180 tons) in 1967, and exceeded one billion carats in 1980. Have been classified in the same year each producer of diamonds from the most productive were as follows: Russian, Congo (Zaire), South Africa, Botsoana, Namibia, Ongulh, Ghana, Venzuelh, and many other countries with lower productivity. Table 1 shows the amounts of diamond producing countries according to statistics of the years 1929 and 1937 and 1967 and 1980 and 1988.Months, the world's diamondsI have known in human history, ancient and modern diamonds great weight and value, and each had a story or a story or legend about how to detect and transfer (and sometimes stolen), acquisition and divided to get them on the jewels forms required, and then the place settled and the State or persons owners in a timely present. Therefore, given the previous information from the most diamonds in the world, classified by country or countries that discovered the first time.Republic of South Africa• diamond Cullinan Cullinan, the largest diamond in the world and found even today, found mine in Premier Premier in 1905 and weighed 3106 carats, and then transferred to the British and dedicated to King Edward VII in 1907, and divided later to 109 gem, nine big ones, are part Jewelry from the British Crown, and the largest of the Cullinan 1 (African Star), weighing 530.2 carats, the Cullinan 2 and weighs 317.4 carats.• Excelsior diamond Excelsior: I found mine in Illagrsfontain Jagersfontein in 1893, and was weighing 995 carats, was cut to 21 was the largest gem 70 carats.• diamond Jonker Jonker: found in the area Elandsfontain Elandsfontein, 1931, weighing 726 carats, bought by Harry Winston (governor of New York City) to 12 and cut gem.• diamond Iopila Jubilee: found in 1895 weighing 650 carats, were divided on the occasion of the Golden Queen Victoria in 1897. Then cut them to get the gem weighing 245 carats.• Tiffany Tiffany: diamond bright yellow color, I found mine in the Kimberley Kimberley weighing 287 carats, making them Sprlenz stone weighing 128 carats.• Victoria Victoria: the weight of 185 carats.• Star of the South African Star of South Africa: the weight of 38 carats.Diamond-producing countriesProduction quantities of the diamond's ability Bmalaen Carats192919371967198019881995Russian---11.0007.1008,500,000Congo1.9104.92513.15510.23018.70017.300South Africa3.3951.0286.6688.5255.20015.495Botsoana---8.4703.80016,802,438Namibian0.5970.1971.9001.650-1,381,700Ongulh0.3120.6261.2881.5400.1801,350,000Ghana0.8611.5782.5371.210In 1986-0.65293.880Venzuelh-0.0150.0660.77-296.000Tanzanian0.0230.0030.927-0.3415.700Central African-0.0060.521--560.000Brazil0.1440.1970.35-0.4-Guiana0.1260.0360.097--52.392India0.00160.00130.008--23.800Australian----16.943,591,000China----0.6-Liberia----In 1986-0.4150.000Sierra Leone----In 1986 - 0.18255.000Republic of India• Florentine Florentine: pale yellow diamond, acquired in the early seventeenth century the Duke of Tuscany, and became later one of the Austrian crown jewels. The current location is unknown.• Great Mongol Great Mogul: found in 1650 weighing 280 carats, the largest cut diamonds in India (The original stone was weighing 800 carats), and last seen in 1665, and will likely have to cut small stones.• Kohinoor Koh-I-Noor or Nur Mountain The Mountain of Light. This stone is an old story dating back to 1314, and after that reported by many bought by a man who supported the English in 1849, and studded crown on the Queen Mother in the UK.• Orlov Orlov: gem weighs 200 carats, and the myth says it was stolen and then sold to a Russian prince. Today it is of Russian ammunition.• «governor» Regent or «bit» Pitt: diamond found in 1701 weighing 410 carats, it has been possible to obtain them on a stone weighing 140 carats Berlant and sell to the king of France, then stole the year 1792, and was restored and became the possessions of the Louvre.Shah Shah: the weight of 89 carats (available in Russian ammunition today).• Sansee Sancy: deliver a 55-carats.• Hope Hope: the largest blue diamond weighs 44 carats.• Green Dresden Dresden Green: and weighs 41 carats.Republic of Brazil• President Vargas President Vargas: and weighs 727 carats, one of the largest diamonds found in helping American Latin, was found in 1932 in the San Antonio River, San Antonio River. And later cut to 29 largest gem weighs about 48 carats.• Star of the South Star of the South: found in 1853 in a mine Bagajim Bagagem was made by weighing 262 carats, the largest cut stones of which weighs 129 carats.Crown Prince of Portugal, Regent of Portugal: and weighs 221 carats, and is likely to be one of the Topaz Topaz is not a diamond.Republic of Russian Federation• diamond flat area of 7.5 cm 2 was in the golden bracelet.• diamond Maria, weighing 105.8 carats.• diamond Chekest: and weighs 95 carats.• diamond of October: and weighs 68.47 carats.• diamond Valentina Tereshkova: and weighs 51.66 carats.• diamond Alcolmsomol: and weighs 48.48 carats.Other famous diamonds, including• blue diamond of hope: and weighs 44.5 carats, found in the Smith Institute in Washington, DC, a piece of diamond weighs 68 carats.• diamond throne: and weighing 140.5 carats, adorn the sword hilt of Napoleon.• diamond star of the mountains of Leon: one of the largest diamonds preserved until today is still intact
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